3D virtual labs for Class 11 and 12
405 interactive experiments that run in your browser: 201 Physics and 204 Chemistry. Each one has live graphs, theory, steps and viva questions. Pick a lab to see what it covers, then open it free or with a plan.
⚛ Physics labs
Class 11 Physics
Chapter 1: Units and Measurement
Chapter 2: Motion in a Straight Line
Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane
Chapter 4: Laws of Motion
- Atwood machine and pulley systems
- Banked road: maximum safe speed
- Block on a movable wedge
- Conical pendulum
- Block on an inclined plane: static and kinetic friction
- Recoil of a gun: conservation of momentum
- Movable pulley and string constraints
- Apparent weight in an accelerating lift
- Two blocks with friction: when does the top block slip?
Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power
- Ballistic pendulum: bullet speed from the swing
- Elastic and inelastic collisions in 1D and 2D
- Newton's cradle: elastic collisions in a chain
- Power of an engine: P = Fv, top speed and acceleration
- Spring potential energy and power
- Motion in a vertical circle (death-well / loop-the-loop)
- Work-energy theorem on a rough track
Chapter 6: Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion
- Conservation of angular momentum: rotating stool
- Centre of mass of a system and of a rigid body
- Gyroscope precession
- Ladder against a wall: friction and equilibrium
- Moment of inertia of different bodies, parallel/perpendicular axis
- Atwood machine with a massive pulley
- Rolling without slipping: ring, disc and sphere race
- Torque and equilibrium of a rigid body (see-saw)
Chapter 7: Gravitation
Chapter 8: Mechanical Properties of Solids
Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Archimedes' principle and floating bodies
- Bernoulli's principle: venturimeter
- Surface tension: capillary rise and contact angle
- Pressure on a dam wall and the centre of pressure
- Pascal's law and hydraulic lift (free)
- Poiseuille flow: viscous flow through a tube
- Excess pressure in drops and bubbles
- Stokes' law: terminal velocity and viscosity
- Surface energy: merging and splitting water drops
- Surface tension: temperature and detergent effect
- Torricelli's law: liquid from a hole in a tank
Chapter 10: Thermal Properties of Matter
Chapter 11: Thermodynamics
- Clement-Desormes: ratio of specific heats gamma
- Carnot engine and p-V diagram
- Free expansion and entropy
- Joule's paddle wheel: mechanical equivalent of heat
- Otto and Diesel engine cycles on a P-V diagram
- Refrigerator and heat pump (COP)
- Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes and the Carnot cycle
Chapter 12: Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: Oscillations
- Damped and forced oscillations: resonance
- Pendulum in an accelerating frame: effective gravity
- Physical pendulum and torsion pendulum
- SHM as projection of uniform circular motion
- Simple pendulum: g from T and large-angle correction (free)
- Springs in series and parallel: equivalent k and SHM
- Spring-mass SHM: energy, springs in series/parallel
- SHM of a liquid column and a floating cylinder
Chapter 14: Waves
- Beats from two close frequencies
- Doppler effect
- Melde's experiment: standing waves on a string
- Resonance tube (open and closed organ pipes)
- Resonance tube: speed of sound and end correction
- Sonometer: frequency, tension, length laws
- Sound intensity, inverse-square law and decibels
- Standing waves on a string and Melde's experiment
- Transverse and longitudinal waves on a medium
- Reflection and transmission of a pulse at a boundary
Class 12 Physics
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
- Electric field on the axis of a ring and a disc
- Coulomb's law and superposition (free)
- Electric dipole in uniform field: torque
- Electric field lines and dipole field
- Gauss's law: flux through closed surfaces
- Field and potential of a charged shell and a solid sphere
- Charging by friction, induction, conduction (electroscope) (free)
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
- Internal resistance of a cell, combination of cells
- Drift velocity of electrons in a conductor
- Galvanometer: resistance and figure of merit (half-deflection)
- Kirchhoff's laws on circuits
- Metre bridge and Wheatstone bridge
- Ohm's law: V–I characteristics (free)
- Potentiometer: emf comparison, internal resistance
- Resistivity and temperature dependence of a wire
- Resistor colour code and series/parallel combinations (free)
- Resistance versus temperature: metal, platinum RTD and NTC thermistor
- Thermocouple: Seebeck effect, neutral and inversion temperature
- Wheatstone bridge: balance condition and galvanometer current
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Force between parallel current-carrying wires
- Biot–Savart law: field of a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid
- Charged particle in uniform E and B fields
- Torque on a current loop and magnetic moment
- Cyclotron
- Galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter
- Hall effect: carrier sign, density and mobility
- Helmholtz coils: a uniform magnetic field
- Moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter conversion
- Magnetic field of a solenoid and a toroid
- Tangent galvanometer: I = K tan(theta)
- Velocity selector and mass spectrometer
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
- AC generator
- Eddy currents and magnetic braking
- Faraday's experiments and Lenz's law
- Lenz's law: a magnet falling through a coil
- LR circuit: current growth, decay and back emf
- Motional emf on a rod in magnetic field
- RC circuit: charging, discharging and time constant
- EMF of a rotating rod and a Faraday disc
- Self and mutual inductance, L-R growth
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Refractive index of a glass slab with a travelling microscope
- Focal length of a concave lens (lens-combination method)
- Human eye and its defects (myopia, hypermetropia)
- Convex and concave lenses, lens maker's formula
- Compound microscope and telescopes
- Concave and convex mirrors: image formation (free)
- Optical fibre: acceptance angle, numerical aperture and dispersion
- Prism: deviation curve and dispersion
- Rainbow: refraction and internal reflection in a water drop
- Refraction, Snell's law, critical angle and total internal reflection
- Two-lens system: image, magnification and equivalent focal length
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
- Diffraction grating: orders, dispersion and resolving power
- Fresnel biprism: fringe width and wavelength
- Huygens' principle: reflection and refraction of wavefronts
- Newton's rings: radius of curvature and wavelength
- Polarisation, Malus' law and Brewster angle
- Resolving power and the Rayleigh criterion
- Single slit diffraction
- Thin film interference: soap film, oil film and anti-reflection coating
- Young's double slit experiment
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Compton scattering: photon-electron collision
- de Broglie waves and Davisson-Germer experiment
- Thermionic, field and photo-emission
- Millikan's oil-drop experiment: charge quantisation
- Photoelectric effect: stopping potential and Einstein's equation
- Thomson's experiment: specific charge e/m of the electron
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle with single-slit electron diffraction
- X-rays: continuous spectrum, characteristic lines, Moseley and Bragg
Chapter 12: Atoms
Chapter 13: Nuclei
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics
- Energy bands, intrinsic carriers and Fermi level
- LED, photodiode and solar cell
- Logic gates and combinations
- Operational amplifier: inverting, non-inverting and summing circuits
- p–n junction: depletion layer and I–V characteristic
- Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with capacitor filter
- Transistor characteristics and CE amplifier
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
🧪 Chemistry labs
Class 11 Chemistry
Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Unit 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Unit 5: Thermodynamics
Unit 6: Equilibrium
- Acid–base titration with phenolphthalein (free)
- Buffer action of an acetate buffer
- Double-indicator titration of sodium carbonate
- Le Chatelier: pink and blue cobalt
- Common ion effect
- Le Chatelier with Fe³⁺ and SCN⁻
- Solubility product: “golden rain” of PbI₂
- Precipitation titration: Mohr's method for chloride
- Hydrolysis of salts
- pH with universal indicator
- Titration of acetic acid with NaOH
Unit 7: Redox Reactions
- Galvanic cell: Mg | Mg²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu
- Galvanic cell: Zn | Zn²⁺ || Ag⁺ | Ag
- Copper with concentrated nitric acid
- Dichromate oxidises iron(II)
- Iodometric titration of copper(II)
- Iron nail in copper sulphate (free)
- Redox titration: KMnO₄ vs Mohr's salt
- Redox titration: KMnO₄ vs oxalic acid
- Permanganate with oxalic acid
- Activity series: metals with dilute acid
- Copper displaces silver: the silver tree
- Zinc displaces copper (free)
Unit 8: Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles and Techniques
Unit 9: Hydrocarbons
Unit 10: Preparation and Tests of Gases (Lab Manual)
Unit 11: NEET / JEE Practice Labs (Class XI)
- Ammonia–ammonium chloride: a basic buffer
- Same moles, same CO₂: marble, NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ with HCl
- Common ion effect on ammonia: NH₄Cl suppresses its ionisation
- Diluting a strong and a weak acid ten-fold
- Heat of displacement: Mg, Zn and Fe in copper sulphate
- Why do some salts cool the water? Urea, KNO₃ and NaCl
- Freezing mixtures: ice vs ice–salt
- Gravimetric estimation of barium as BaCrO₄
- Gravimetric estimation of calcium as CaC₂O₄
- Gravimetric estimation of chloride as AgCl
- Gravimetric estimation of lead as PbI₂
- Group 2 hydroxides and carbonates: the solubility trends
- Solubility of group 2 sulphates
- Volume strength of hydrogen peroxide
- pKa of acetic acid from the half-neutralisation point
- pKb of ammonia from the half-neutralisation point
- Chlorine water displaces bromine and iodine
- Equal masses, different moles: hydrogen from Mg and Zn
- Methyl orange for a strong acid–strong base titration
- Why methyl orange fails for acetic acid with NaOH
- Why phenolphthalein fails for ammonia with HCl
- Equivalent mass of magnesium by H₂ displacement
- Gravimetric estimation of sulphate as BaSO₄
- Purity of marble: back titration with NaOH
- Limiting reagent in a gas-forming reaction: marble and HCl
- Limiting reagent in a precipitation: BaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄
- Strong vs weak acid: pH and rate with magnesium (free)
- Enthalpy of neutralisation: HNO₃ with NaOH
- Enthalpy of neutralisation of a dibasic acid: H₂SO₄
- Enthalpy of neutralisation: HCl with a weak base (NH₃)
- Ostwald’s dilution law: pH and degree of ionisation of acetic acid
- pH of mixtures of a strong acid and a strong base
- Thermometric titration: HCl and NaOH, the temperature peaks at the end point
- Titrating a dibasic acid: H₂SO₄ with NaOH
- Find the molarity of an “unknown” HCl solution
- Find the molarity of an “unknown” NaOH solution
- Find the molarity of an “unknown” H₂SO₄ solution
Class 12 Chemistry
Unit 0: All units
Unit 1: Solutions
Unit 2: Electrochemistry
- Conductivity of strong and weak electrolytes
- Electrolytic refining of copper
- Daniell cell and the Nernst equation
- Electrolysis of brine (chlor-alkali)
- Electrolysis of copper sulphate (inert electrodes)
- Electrolysis of potassium iodide
- Electrolysis of water
- Copper plating an iron key
- Molar conductivity and dilution (Kohlrausch)
Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics
Unit 4: The d- and f-Block Elements
Unit 5: Coordination Compounds
Unit 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Unit 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Unit 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Unit 9: Amines
Unit 10: Biomolecules
Unit 11: Salt Analysis (Lab Manual)
- Test for acetate ion
- Test for carbonate ion (free)
- Brown ring test: nitrate and nitrite
- Test for phosphate ion
- Test for sulphate ion
- Test for sulphide ion
- Tests for aluminium and zinc ions
- Test for ammonium ion (zero group)
- Test for copper ion (group II)
- Calcium, strontium and barium (group V)
- Test for iron(III) ion (group III)
- Test for lead ion (group I)
- Test for magnesium ion (group VI)
- Tests for nickel and cobalt ions (group IV)
Unit 12: Surface Chemistry (Lab Manual)
Unit 13: NEET / JEE Practice Labs (Class XII)
- Identify a primary, a secondary and a tertiary amine
- Amphoteric hydroxides of Al³⁺, Cr³⁺ and Zn²⁺
- Identify phenol, aniline and ethanol
- Autocatalysis: Mn²⁺ speeds up KMnO₄ + oxalic acid
- Identify glycine, a protein, glucose and sucrose
- Boiling-point elevation: NaCl vs glucose and the van 't Hoff factor
- Calcium oxalate: the confirmatory test for Ca²⁺
- Identify glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch
- Galvanic cell: Cu | Cu²⁺ ‖ Ag⁺ | Ag
- Galvanic cell: Fe | Fe²⁺ ‖ Ag⁺ | Ag
- Galvanic cell: Fe | Fe²⁺ ‖ Cu²⁺ | Cu
- Galvanic cell: Mg | Mg²⁺ ‖ Ag⁺ | Ag (the strongest couple)
- Galvanic cell: Mg | Mg²⁺ ‖ Fe²⁺ | Fe
- Galvanic cell: Mg | Mg²⁺ ‖ Zn²⁺ | Zn
- Galvanic cell: Zn | Zn²⁺ ‖ Fe²⁺ | Fe
- Chromate precipitates of Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Ag⁺
- Concentration cell: Cu | Cu²⁺ (0.2 M) ‖ Cu²⁺ (1 M) | Cu
- Concentration cell: Zn | Zn²⁺ (0.1 M) ‖ Zn²⁺ (1 M) | Zn
- Conductivity and ionic charge: NaCl, CaCl₂ and an Al³⁺ salt
- Conductometric titration: HCl with NaOH (V-shaped curve)
- Conductometric titration: acetic acid with NaOH
- Decomposition voltage of copper sulphate
- Decomposition voltage of potassium iodide
- Decomposition voltage of sodium bromide
- Decomposition voltage of water: why 1.23 V is not enough
- Electrolysis of aqueous sodium bromide
- Faraday's first law: mass of copper deposited ∝ charge
- Electrochemical equivalent of silver
- Potassium ferrocyanide tests for Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺
- Group I cations: separating Pb²⁺ from Ag⁺ as chlorides
- Iodine clock: order of reaction with respect to H₂O₂
- Iodine clock: order of reaction with respect to iodide
- Effect of temperature on rate: estimating Ea
- Concentration cell: Cu | Cu²⁺ (0.1 M) ‖ Cu²⁺ (1 M) | Cu
- Identify four unknown organic liquids
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate: test for Mg²⁺
- Rate of reaction vs concentration: marble with 0.1, 1 and 2 M HCl
- Coloured metal sulphides
- Molar mass of an unknown solid A from freezing-point depression
- Molar mass of an unknown solid B from freezing-point depression
- Identify four unknown metal-ion solutions
- Order of reaction with respect to hydrochloric acid
- Order of reaction with respect to thiosulphate
- Solubility of lead chloride changes with temperature
- Inversion of sucrose: a non-reducing sugar becomes reducing